In the recent years, there has been spectacular progress in understanding the fundamental biochemistry of cell death. Several inducers of apoptosis have been documented, which includes various physical and chemical agents such as ionizing radiations, genotoxic and cytotoxic drugs, environmental chemicals, organic solvents and metals. Of these, potentially hazardous chemicals that are being released into the environment in tandem with urban sprawl and industrialization have been recognized to immensely impinge apoptosis leading to far-reaching consequences on human health. Unveiling the mechanism of action of these, pointed induction of stress as the pedestal cause. The major elicitors of stress response are short lived, diffusible entities known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under normal conditions, cells are endowed with extensive anti-oxidant defense mechanisms to counteract the damaging effects of ROS. Nevertheless, when ROS generation overwhelms antioxidant defense mechanisms, oxidative stress crops up. Stress-induced apoptotic alterations have been implicated as a cause or consequence of various pathological states and in this perspective extensive investigation have been carried out in the field of reproduction. Declining trends in male fertility and its strong association with ROS have triggered the scientific community to explore the possible role of apoptosis in the adverse reproductive effects caused by environmental toxicants.

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